  The biggest crypto news and ideas of the day Jan. 21, 2022 If you were forwarded this newsletter and would like to receive it, sign up here. Sponsored by  Welcome to The Node.
In today's newsletter: Twitter get verified NFTs. Robinhood tests its crypto wallet. And Binance's lax KYC standards.
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Today's must-reads Top Shelf  US RULEMAKERS: The U.S. House of Representatives' Energy and Commerce Committee discussed crypto's environmental impact on Thursday. Proof-of-work was of particular concern during the two-hour congressional hearing, though many commentators noted the conversation lacked substantial crypto industry representation. Putting a positive spin on it, this could be seen as an "educational" crash course on blockchain basics. Separately, on Thursday, the Federal Reserve released a long-awaited white paper on CBDCs, which did not make a decision on issuing a "digital dollar" and called for feedback. Notably, the Fed thinks a "privacy-protected, intermediated, widely transferable and identity-verified" national digital currency would "best serve" the U.S., though would require congressional approval to enact and might compete with the private financial sector.
SHADY DEALINGS: Binance kept weak know-your-customer (KYC) checks and did not properly cooperate with authorities, despite its public promises about compliance, Reuters reported Friday, citing former Binance employees, advisers and company documents. According to the report, the crypto exchange has turned down police requests to help track criminals and ignored anti-money laundering recommendations, all while publicly claiming to welcome regulation. Similarly, U.S. regulators and finance experts are raising concerns about crypto mixing services including Tornado Cash, the Ethereum-based service used to obfuscate ETH transactions, following the recent Crypto.com hack.
LATAM CRYPTO ECONOMY: El Salvador will offer small and medium-sized companies $10 million in crypto-based loans. Solana-based lender Acumen will provide U.S. dollar funding with interest rates up to 10% to El Salvador's National Commission for Micro and Small Enterprises, to benefit the 86% of Salvadoran companies without banking access. Acumen will convert crypto to stablecoins, which will then be distributed via a crypto startup and state-owned bank to firms, and the loans and interest will be paid back in fiat. Meanwhile, Latin America's largest e-commerce company Mercado Libre has made "strategic investments" in 2TM, the holding company for Brazil's largest crypto exchange Mercado Bitcoin, and blockchain infrastructure company Paxos. The dollar figures are unknown.
BIG TECH: Andrew Rogozov, a vice president at VK, the parent company of "Facebook of Russia," is joining the TON Foundation, a group of people and companies supporting the fledgling Toncoin blockchain, which was earlier known as Newton. Rogozov plans to help Toncoin grow into a crypto project adopted by Telegram's more than 500 million monthly users. He will move to an adviser role at VK. Meanwhile, Twitter users can now link NFTs to their profiles; Robinhood is beta testing its crypto wallet and The Graph, the so-called "Google of blockchains," raised $50 million.
REAL ENOUGH? PlayStation creator Ken Kutaragi called the metaverse "isolating" and VR headsets "annoying." "Being in the real world is very important, but the metaverse is about making quasi-real in the virtual world, and I can't see the point of doing it," he told Bloomberg. Jefferies, a traditional financial services provider, estimates the NFT market could balloon to more than $80 billion in value by 2025. That is a double-digit expectation for growth in the next five years.
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Overheard on CoinDesk TV... Sound Bites  "This idea that somehow our government's going to be the answer when it comes to digital currency, I mean, really?"
–Rep. Tom Emmer (R-Minn), on CoinDesk TV's "First Mover"
What others are writing... Off-Chain Signals 
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Putting the news in perspective The Takeaway  Bukele's Bitcoin Is Not What Turkey Needs Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele met with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan on Thursday in what was reportedly the first executive summit between the two countries. Despite dropping hints ahead of the meeting, Bukele reportedly didn't talk to Erdogan about El Salvador's best-known domestic policy: national Bitcoin adoption.
That's likely just as well, because bitcoin isn't a meaningful solution for Turkey's monetary woes. The reasons for this are complex and highlight the rising need to understand bitcoin not just on its own terms, but as a novel force disrupting an established global monetary system, which already has its own arcane dynamics.
Bukele and Erdogan's meeting did come in the midst of a Turkish monetary crisis that has led citizens to swap their lira for crypto at record rates, once again demonstrating the novel utility of an instrument like bitcoin as a hedge for individual savers. But Turkey's monetary structure is so vastly different from El Salvador's that BTC simply isn't a relevant solution to the crisis at the national level.
El Salvador's move to adopt bitcoin seemed broadly sensible to many observers, including me, because the country was already fully "dollarized" – it does not have its own currency or monetary policy. Swapping dollars for bitcoin offered a marginal reduction in Salvadoran dependence on U.S. monetary policy, over which they have no control and which has recently become inflationary.
Turkey's situation is much different, and very complex. Rather than being fully dollarized, Turkey is only largely dollarized – while it manages its own currency, the lira (TL), the U.S. dollar (USD) makes up about half of the bank deposit base there. As Turkish economist Lutfullah Bingol recently laid out on Bloomberg's "Odd Lots" podcast, Turks essentially use dollars as a "hedge against tail risk" in the lira. At times of high lira volatility or inflation, they shift holdings to dollars for stability. ("Odd Lots" has done a great job providing a nuanced introduction to the situation. I highly recommend their coverage.)
That's a huge part of Turkey's current monetary problems, and the reason BTC isn't a helpful fix. The availability of a dollar hedge exacerbates monetary instability there – speaking very broadly, a sinking lira can create a downward USD-TL spiral as more Turks sell lira for dollars.
This problem is rooted in the late 1980s when Turkey opened its capital accounts, allowing the lira to trade and float against other international currencies, at a point where it was still very much an emerging economy subject to periods of instability. At least according to Bingol, this opening was "premature," coming before the lira was robust enough to withstand global trading (for comparison, China, now the world's second-largest economy, still has not opened capital accounts to allow the yuan to float). Over the years that has eroded the lira's domestic role. Worst of all, dollar dominance tends to rise precisely during instability like the current crisis, reducing the effectiveness of lira monetary policy at the moment it is most badly needed.
Reducing dollar dominance in a foreign market is known a "de-dollarization," and it's quite difficult, particularly in the middle of a crisis. Turkey is currently pursuing an intriguing strategy to resist further dollarization in the face of sharp inflation that would normally drive lira holders to USD en masse. Essentially, Turkey is offering lira holders a mirror of the hedge they would have in dollars – if the lira dips against USD, lira holders meeting certain conditions will be compensated with more lira.
This might not end well. When the Turkish policy was announced, some crypto observers noted its similarity to the so-called (3, 3) staking structure behind a "non-pegged stablecoin" called OHM, which uses interacting flows of multiple tokens to seek price stability in one of them. OHM has had a very rough month, and "algorithmic stablecoins'' in general are at high risk of arbitrage exploitation and collapse.
Turkey's new lira policy broadly rhymes with the structure of many algo stablecoins, and more generally with attempts to "peg" any currency that has been allowed to float. The policy is "the government writing effectively put options on the lira," according to fund manager Paul McNamara during a second "Odd Lots" episode on the topic. In very broad terms, Turkey has promised that if the lira falls against the dollar, it will pay lira holders with more lira – which it could wind up forced to effectively print, exacerbating the inflationary spiral that it was hoping to fight in the first place.
The core problem here is that Turkey's economy and monetary policy are being badly mismanaged. As McNamara points out, the surest path to de-dollarization is "macro stability," which makes foreign currencies riskier to hold. But absent that fix, Turkey's proximate monetary problem is its citizens' easy access to dollars as a currency hedge. Adding crypto to the mix only gives people more options for fleeing the lira, and Erdogan has no motivation to encourage that.
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Friday, January 21, 2022
US Lawmakers Weigh In on Proof-of-Work
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